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Unit 12 Overview – Teaching Productive skills Speaking and writing (including games) Speaking and writing are used to communicate. Teacher and students both tend to prefer speaking skill than writing, in some way writing is more difficult and it require a greater degree of accuracy, whereas speaking in a sense mistake can be clear immediately. Why people communicate? - For some communicative purpose - To say something - To listen to something - Interested in what is being said *In order to draw the students out to speak teachers should create the need and desire in the students to want to communicate. The difference between accuracy and fluency activities ACCURACY – It usually is part of study phase It focus on producing correct language It usually is in a controlled setting to ensure accurate reproduction of language FLUENCY - It usually is part of activate phase It focus on letting the students to experiment and be creative with the language. Less concerned on accuracy, more focus on effectiveness and flow of the communication. Which is more important? Both are equally important. Both come into different stages of a lesson. First focus on accuracy then let the student try to use it creatively in a fluency activity. Speaking activities in the classroom
CONTROLLED ACTIVITIES - Accuracy based activities. Language controlled by the teacher *Drilling (coral and individual listening to and repetition of the teacherÂ’s model of pronunciation). Use 3 by 3 drill *Prompting (pre-planned question and answer is the most obvious example) GUIDED ACTIVITIES - Accuracy base but a little more creative and productive. Output is still controlled by the teacher but the exact language isnÂ’t. *Model dialogues *Guided role-play CREATIVE COMMUNICATION - Fluency based activities. Scenario is usually created by the teacher but the content of the language isnÂ’t. *Free role-play *Discussions *Information gap *Debates *Simulations *Communication games Encouraging students to speak Reason to why students may be reluctant to speak - lack of confidence Fear of making mistake Peer intimidation Lack of interest in the topic Previous learning experiences Culture reasons *Teach needs to try to encourage, to create a comfortable atmosphere to help the students to step out to try to speak. Typical free/creative speaking activity lesson E -> S -> A Guidelines for a free/creative speaking activity
Before the lesson - *Aims: What you want to do and why? *Predict the possible problem may arise with stand by solution *Gauge the time needed *Prepare the necessary materials *Work out the instructions During the activity - *Try to relate to the students best interests and experience, spark their interest and draw them out. *Give reminder on any structures or vocabulary, perhaps write them on the board for reference *Give clear instructions *Have a good gauge of time needed *Encourage rehearsal if possible, especially role-play *Monitor the activity *Evaluate the activity and the students performance and give feedback After the activity - Give Feedback *Focus on their strength and not weakness *May want to use audio or video to record for review, still when access need to focus on improvements and not mistakes *Note down recurrent errors in grammar, pronunciation and the use of vocabulary. Individual mistake – discuss privately Writing Skills Written text are quite different from speaking in… - Grammar - Vocabulary - Spelling - Handwriting - Layout - Punctuation Handwriting Different cultural background with own native scripts for language may pose a challenge to writing English alphabet,
special training may be needed. Poor handwriting may affect the reader in a negative way, teacher should always encourage students to improve it. Spelling In correct spelling can create misunderstanding and also be perceived as less educated. At times English spelling may not spell as how it is pronounce. *Note also there are some differences in the American and British spelling, and also new “slang” emerging through the emerging of the internet world. Layout and punctuation Highlight the difference and give a change to practice on… - Cultural difference in using punctuations in writing - The difference between business writing and email - Formal and informal language Creative writing Creative writing are like – poetry, stories and plays. Though in reality this is mostly done individually but for practice is ok to encourage the students to practice it in pairs or groups – it helps to get ideas input from different one. Typical creative writing activity lesson E -> S -> A Game in the Classroom Game – is an acticity with rules, goal and element of fun. There are 2 kinds of game 1. Competitive games (race) 2. Co-operative games (team work) Further broken down to 1. Communicative games (activities with non – linguistic goal or aim) 2. Linguistic
games (linguistic based)", This unit discusses how the two productive skills are taught. and the difference between fluency based tasks and accuracy based tasks
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