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There are many ways of expressing the future tense in English using both the actual future tense and other forms as well. This makes it confusing to express the idea of the future in English. There are seven most frequently used forms: 1. Future simple (I'll be back at five o'clock.) 2. Future continuous (She'll be visiting us next week.) 3. Future perfect (They'll have reached the summit of the mountain by Saturday.) 4. Future perfect continuous (You'll have been staying out of cellphone reception range for one hour before you reach the port.) 5. Be going + infinitive (He's going to the city by train.) 6. Present simple (The ferry arrives at three p.m.) 7. Present continuous (We're going for tea this afternoon.) Be going + infinitive and the present continuous (used a future application) are the most commonly used forms. Present simple and present continuous are conjugated in the present tense, but can be used as future applications. The future simple form is: Affirmative: I shall/will You will He/She/It will + verb We shall/will They will Negative: I will not You will not etc. Question: Shall I/Will I? Will you? Etc. Negative question: Will I/Shall I not? Will you not? Won't I?/Shan't I? Etc. Contractions: I'll, you'll, shan't, won't Shall and shall not (shan't)
are used in the U.K. only) USAGES: 1. Future facts and certainties 1. They'll send the package tomorrow. 2. McDonald's will offer a special hamburger next month. 3. Who is that man in the black suit? 2. Promises I'll make sure the document gets to you immediately. 3. Predictions (based on no present evidence, as opposed to “be going to”) He'll win the gold medal this year for sure. 4. Assumptions/Speculations That'll be my pizza. What'll happen in the finale of “Breaking Bad”? I'll have to throw it overboard before nightfall. 5. Spontaneous decisions (as opposed to “be going to” for planned decisions) He'll get the door. 6. Threats If you don't stop, I'll call the police. Shall is often used in invitations/making suggestions. In its affirmative form, the use has become more formal. Will generally expresses a stronger intention, coercion, or determination, than shall. What shall I do with this extra produce? They shall have the best party this year. Shall we go? Where shall I forward your belongings? Typical mistakes/errors: confusion between “be going to” and future simple is common. Sunday I will to go on a picnic. (for future facts and certainties, it's not necessary to add particle “to” ). Correct: Sunday I will go
on a picnic. We'll going to win tomorrow. (adding extra “going to” to express future prediction). Correct: We'll win tomorrow. Some teaching ideas for future simple are: Palm reading/future telling Winning the lottery-What will you do? Predicting future changes in the next X years using various topics. The future continuous form is: Affirmative: Subject + will + be + verb + “-ing” (present participle) He'll be speaking with you soon. Negative: You won't regret it. Questions: Will I recognize you when I see you? Yes, you will. No, you won't. USAGES: 1. To say that something will be in progress at a particular moment in the future. This time next year I'll be living in Asia again. 2. To predict the present to say what we think or guess what might be happening now. The Smiths will probably be arriving in New Hampshire right now. 3. For polite enquiries referring to other peoples's plans, but not to influence the listener's intentions. Will you be staying for dinner? 4. To refer to future events which are fixed or decided (without suggesting personal intention) J.K. Rowling will be giving a talk at this bookstore on May 21st. Typical student errors/mistakes: Missing part of the structure: We will be wait for you. Correct : We will be
waiting for you. The idea that the action will continue around a specific point in the future may cause confusion. Teaching ideas: 1. Trying to get out of the date from hell: Can I see you on Friday night? No, I'll be washing my hair. Etc. 2. Illustrative situations: Crime scenario, for example. What is the criminal doing at this moment? What will he be doing when the police get there? The future perfect form is: Will + have + past participle Affirmative: She will have lived in London for four years in April. Negative: He will not have reached tenure by the time he is 35. Yes/No questions: Will they have finished? Yes, they will. No, they won't. USAGE: The future perfect tense is used to say that something will have been done, completed or achieved by a certain time in the future. The organizer says she'll have set up the wedding tent by this afternoon. The president will soon have completed four years in office. The future perfect is “the past in the future”. We look back on the past (a completed action) from the point of view of the future. By the end of the, at the end of the, before______, when _______ are adverbial expressions that signal when an event will be completed. Example: By the end of next year, they will have won all the awards.
At the end of this month, she will have finished the reports. When the news comes out, he will have changed his plans. Typical student errors/mistakes: I will have been finished by tomorrow. (doesn't need future perfect, only future) Correct: I will be finished by tomorrow. I will be finish by tomorrow. (needs -ed to make it future perfect). Correct: I will be finished by tomorrow. Future perfect is often confused with future perfect continuous. The distinction between completion of action by a certain time in the future and how long something will have continued for by a certain time (future perfect continuous) needs to be made. Teaching ideas: 1. Invention of an extremely successful future career: by X year, I will have X, etc. 2. Choose a famous historical personage and note down important dates in his/her life - Students then explain by which age, the person will have done certain things. By 1896, she will have written her first novel. The Future Perfect Continuous form is: Will + have + been + verb + “-ing” Affirmative: At the end of this year, they will have been living in Asia for 20 years. Negative: He will not have been playing professional football since his retirement. Will you have been dieting..? USAGE: We can use the future perfect
continuous to say how long something will have continued by a certain time. By the time winter arrives, she'll have saved up some overtime. Comparing future perfect vs. future perfect continuous tense, The future perfect continuous tense, often includes an adverbial expression that begins with -by: By next year By the end of the month Typical student errors/mistakes: Next Christmas, I'll have been learn English for four years. Leaving off the “-ing” from the verb participle. By this time tomorrow, I'll be drinking for twelve hours. Putting future continuous after an adverbial expression, instead of future perfect continuous. Teaching idea: How long will you have been learning English/working/going to school/living in your present house by next summer? Be going + infinitive (“be going to”) Form verb “be” in the present + going to + base form of the verb. Affirmative: I am going to visit the zoo next week. Negative: I am not going to visit the zoo next week. Question: Are you going to visit the zoo next week? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. This structure is very similar to present tense continuous, so it can be confusing to the student. The “being going to” structure is ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY A VERB. USAGES: 1. Intentions: She is not
going to back down on defending women's rights. 2. Predictions based on present evidence: He thinks the Giants are going to lose again. 3. Plans (decisions made before speaking): I'm going to find a job in Asia. “Be going to” usage and future simple usage are often confused with each other. Thus, they're often taught together to distinguish them from each other. Teaching ideas: 1. Making holiday/birthday party plans. 2. Make predictions based on evidence, such as weather reports, etc. The Present Simple form is: See present tenses. USAGES: 1. To suggest a more formal situation. Our new line of clothing comes out next Thursday. 2. For timetables and schedules: The cruise leaves from Puerto Vallarta on Tuesday. They leave Moscow on Monday and fly to San Francisco on Wednesday. 3. To suggest a more impersonal tone, (often implying an outside compulsion). He begins his new position on October 1st. They arrive in New Delhi on Saturday. Teaching ideas: Compiling or sharing information from airport or railway schedules. Writing press releases about your company's future plans. The Present Continuous form is: See present tenses. USAGES: 1. For definite arrangements: We're flying to London on New Year's Day. She's visiting her aunt next week. 2. For
decisions and plans without a time frame: She's going to a better place. Teaching ideas: 1. Diaries/schedules. Students pair up and try to make appointments with each other based on their respective schedules. 2. Role-play of secretary and boss – where a client is trying to make an appointment to see a busy boss. ", In this lesson I learned the future tenses which are future simple
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